journey from 2D pictures to 3D fashions follows a structured path.
This path consists of distinct steps that construct upon one another to remodel flat pictures into spatial info.
Understanding this pipeline is essential for anybody seeking to create high-quality 3D reconstructions.
Let me clarify…
Most individuals assume 3D reconstruction means:
- Taking random photographs round an object
- Urgent a button in costly software program
- Ready for magic to occur
- Getting good outcomes each time
- Skipping the basics
No thanks.
Probably the most profitable 3D Reconstruction I’ve seen are constructed on three core rules:
- They use pipelines that work with fewer pictures however place them higher.
- They make sure that customers spend much less time processing however obtain cleaner outcomes.
- They allow troubleshooting sooner as a result of customers know precisely the place to look.
Subsequently, this hints at a pleasant lesson:
Your 3D fashions can solely be nearly as good as your understanding of how they’re created.
this from a scientific perspective is actually key.
Allow us to dive proper into it!
If you’re new to my (3D) writing world, welcome! We’re happening an thrilling journey that may let you grasp an important 3D Python ability.
As soon as the scene is laid out, we embark on the Python journey. Every thing is supplied, included assets on the finish. You will note Suggestions (
Notes and 
Rising) that can assist you get essentially the most out of this text. Because of the 3D Geodata Academy for supporting the endeavor. This text is impressed by a small part of Module 1 of the 3D Reconstructor OS Course.
The Full 3D Reconstruction Workflow
Let me spotlight the 3D Reconstruction pipeline with Photogrammetry. The method follows a logical sequence of steps, as illustrated beneath.
What’s vital to notice, is that every step builds upon the earlier one. Subsequently, the standard of every stage straight impacts the ultimate consequence, which is essential to take into consideration!
With that in thoughts, let’s element every step, specializing in each the speculation and sensible implementation.
Pure Characteristic Extraction: Discovering the Distinctive Factors
Pure function extraction is the inspiration of the photogrammetry course of. It identifies distinctive factors in pictures that may be reliably situated throughout a number of pictures.
These factors function anchors that tie totally different views collectively.
Frequent function extraction algorithms embody:
| Algorithm | Strengths | Weaknesses | Greatest For |
|---|---|---|---|
| SIFT | Scale and rotation invariant | Computationally costly | Excessive-quality, general-purpose reconstruction |
| SURF | Sooner than SIFT | Much less correct than SIFT | Fast prototyping |
| ORB | Very quick, no patent restrictions | Much less sturdy to viewpoint modifications | Actual-time functions |
Let’s implement a easy function extraction utilizing OpenCV:
#%% SECTION 1: Pure Characteristic Extraction
import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def extract_features(image_path, feature_method='sift', max_features=2000):
"""
Extract options from a picture utilizing totally different strategies.
"""
# Learn the picture in shade and convert to grayscale
img = cv2.imread(image_path)
if img is None:
increase ValueError(f"Couldn't learn picture at {image_path}")
grey = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# Initialize function detector primarily based on methodology
if feature_method.decrease() == 'sift':
detector = cv2.SIFT_create(nfeatures=max_features)
elif feature_method.decrease() == 'surf':
# Observe: SURF is patented and will not be obtainable in all OpenCV distributions
detector = cv2.xfeatures2d.SURF_create(400) # Alter threshold as wanted
elif feature_method.decrease() == 'orb':
detector = cv2.ORB_create(nfeatures=max_features)
else:
increase ValueError(f"Unsupported function methodology: {feature_method}")
# Detect and compute keypoints and descriptors
keypoints, descriptors = detector.detectAndCompute(grey, None)
# Create visualization
img_with_features = cv2.drawKeypoints(
img, keypoints, None,
flags=cv2.DRAW_MATCHES_FLAGS_DRAW_RICH_KEYPOINTS
)
print(f"Extracted {len(keypoints)} {feature_method.higher()} options")
return keypoints, descriptors, img_with_features
image_path = "sample_image.jpg" # Substitute along with your picture path
# Extract options with totally different strategies
kp_sift, desc_sift, vis_sift = extract_features(image_path, 'sift')
kp_orb, desc_orb, vis_orb = extract_features(image_path, 'orb')What I do right here is run by means of a picture, and hunt for distinctive patterns that stand out from their environment.
These patterns create mathematical “signatures” referred to as descriptors that stay recognizable even when considered from totally different angles or distances.
Consider them as distinctive fingerprints that may be matched throughout a number of pictures.
The visualization step reveals precisely what the algorithm finds vital in your picture.
# Show outcomes
plt.determine(figsize=(12, 6))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.title(f'SIFT Options ({len(kp_sift)})')
plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(vis_sift, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
plt.axis('off')
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.title(f'ORB Options ({len(kp_orb)})')
plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(vis_orb, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
plt.axis('off')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()Discover how corners, edges, and textured areas appeal to extra keypoints, whereas easy or uniform areas stay largely ignored.
This visible suggestions is invaluable for understanding why some objects reconstruct higher than others.
Geeky Observe: The max_features parameter is crucial. Setting it too excessive can dramatically sluggish processing and seize noise, whereas setting it too low would possibly miss vital particulars. For many objects, 2000-5000 options present a great steadiness, however I’ll push it to 10,000+ for extremely detailed architectural reconstructions.
Characteristic Matching: Connecting Photos Collectively
As soon as options are extracted, the following step is to search out correspondences between pictures. This course of identifies which factors in several pictures characterize the identical bodily level in the actual world. Characteristic matching creates the connections wanted to find out digital camera positions.
I’ve seen numerous makes an attempt fail as a result of the algorithm couldn’t reliably join the identical factors throughout totally different pictures.
The ratio take a look at is the silent hero that weeds out ambiguous matches earlier than they poison your reconstruction.
#%% SECTION 2: Characteristic Matching
import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def match_features(descriptors1, descriptors2, methodology='flann', ratio_thresh=0.75):
"""
Match options between two pictures utilizing totally different strategies.
"""
# Convert descriptors to acceptable sort if wanted
if descriptors1 is None or descriptors2 is None:
return []
if methodology.decrease() == 'flann':
# FLANN parameters
if descriptors1.dtype != np.float32:
descriptors1 = np.float32(descriptors1)
if descriptors2.dtype != np.float32:
descriptors2 = np.float32(descriptors2)
FLANN_INDEX_KDTREE = 1
index_params = dict(algorithm=FLANN_INDEX_KDTREE, timber=5)
search_params = dict(checks=50) # Greater values = extra correct however slower
flann = cv2.FlannBasedMatcher(index_params, search_params)
matches = flann.knnMatch(descriptors1, descriptors2, okay=2)
else: # Brute Pressure
# For ORB descriptors
if descriptors1.dtype == np.uint8:
bf = cv2.BFMatcher(cv2.NORM_HAMMING, crossCheck=False)
else: # For SIFT and SURF descriptors
bf = cv2.BFMatcher(cv2.NORM_L2, crossCheck=False)
matches = bf.knnMatch(descriptors1, descriptors2, okay=2)
# Apply Lowe's ratio take a look at
good_matches = []
for match in matches:
if len(match) == 2: # Generally fewer than 2 matches are returned
m, n = match
if m.distance < ratio_thresh * n.distance:
good_matches.append(m)
return good_matches
def visualize_matches(img1, kp1, img2, kp2, matches, max_display=100):
"""
Create a visualization of function matches between two pictures.
"""
# Restrict the variety of matches to show
matches_to_draw = matches[:min(max_display, len(matches))]
# Create match visualization
match_img = cv2.drawMatches(
img1, kp1, img2, kp2, matches_to_draw, None,
flags=cv2.DrawMatchesFlags_NOT_DRAW_SINGLE_POINTS
)
return match_img
# Load two pictures
img1_path = "image1.jpg" # Substitute along with your picture paths
img2_path = "image2.jpg"
# Extract options utilizing SIFT (or your most well-liked methodology)
kp1, desc1, _ = extract_features(img1_path, 'sift')
kp2, desc2, _ = extract_features(img2_path, 'sift')
# Match options
good_matches = match_features(desc1, desc2, methodology='flann')
print(f"Discovered {len(good_matches)} good matches")The matching course of works by evaluating function descriptors between two pictures, measuring their mathematical similarity. For every function within the first picture, we discover its two closest matches within the second picture and assess their relative distances.
If the closest match is considerably higher than the second-best (as managed by the ratio threshold), we think about it dependable.
# Visualize matches
img1 = cv2.imread(img1_path)
img2 = cv2.imread(img2_path)
match_visualization = visualize_matches(img1, kp1, img2, kp2, good_matches)
plt.determine(figsize=(12, 8))
plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(match_visualization, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
plt.title(f"Characteristic Matches: {len(good_matches)}")
plt.axis('off')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()Visualizing these matches reveals the spatial relationships between your pictures.
Good matches type a constant sample that displays the remodel between viewpoints, whereas outliers seem as random connections.
This sample gives instant suggestions on picture high quality and digital camera positioning—clustered, constant matches counsel good reconstruction potential.
Stunning, now, allow us to transfer on the predominant stage: the Construction from Movement node.
Construction From Movement: Inserting Cameras in Area
Construction from Movement (SfM) reconstructs each the 3D scene construction and digital camera movement from the 2D picture correspondences. This course of determines the place every photograph was taken from and creates an preliminary sparse level cloud of the scene.
Key steps in SfM embody:
- Estimating the basic or important matrix between picture pairs
- Recovering digital camera poses (place and orientation)
- Triangulating 3D factors from 2D correspondences
- Constructing a monitor graph to attach observations throughout a number of pictures
The important matrix encodes the geometric relationship between two digital camera viewpoints, revealing how they’re positioned relative to one another in house.
This mathematical relationship is the inspiration for reconstructing each the digital camera positions and the 3D construction they noticed.
#%% SECTION 3: Construction from Movement
import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
def estimate_pose(kp1, kp2, matches, Okay, methodology=cv2.RANSAC, prob=0.999, threshold=1.0):
"""
Estimate the relative pose between two cameras utilizing matched options.
"""
# Extract matched factors
pts1 = np.float32([kp1[m.queryIdx].pt for m in matches])
pts2 = np.float32([kp2[m.trainIdx].pt for m in matches])
# Estimate important matrix
E, masks = cv2.findEssentialMat(pts1, pts2, Okay, methodology, prob, threshold)
# Recuperate pose from important matrix
_, R, t, masks = cv2.recoverPose(E, pts1, pts2, Okay, masks=masks)
inlier_matches = [matches[i] for i in vary(len(matches)) if masks[i] > 0]
print(f"Estimated pose with {np.sum(masks)} inliers out of {len(matches)} matches")
return R, t, masks, inlier_matches
def triangulate_points(kp1, kp2, matches, Okay, R1, t1, R2, t2):
"""
Triangulate 3D factors from two views.
"""
# Extract matched factors
pts1 = np.float32([kp1[m.queryIdx].pt for m in matches])
pts2 = np.float32([kp2[m.trainIdx].pt for m in matches])
# Create projection matrices
P1 = np.dot(Okay, np.hstack((R1, t1)))
P2 = np.dot(Okay, np.hstack((R2, t2)))
# Triangulate factors
points_4d = cv2.triangulatePoints(P1, P2, pts1.T, pts2.T)
# Convert to 3D factors
points_3d = points_4d[:3] / points_4d[3]
return points_3d.T
def visualize_points_and_cameras(points_3d, R1, t1, R2, t2):
"""
Visualize 3D factors and digital camera positions.
"""
fig = plt.determine(figsize=(10, 8))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
# Plot factors
ax.scatter(points_3d[:, 0], points_3d[:, 1], points_3d[:, 2], c='b', s=1)
# Helper operate to create digital camera visualization
def plot_camera(R, t, shade):
# Digital camera heart
heart = -R.T @ t
ax.scatter(heart[0], heart[1], heart[2], c=shade, s=100, marker='o')
# Digital camera axes (exhibiting orientation)
axes_length = 0.5 # Scale to make it seen
for i, c in zip(vary(3), ['r', 'g', 'b']):
axis = R.T[:, i] * axes_length
ax.quiver(heart[0], heart[1], heart[2],
axis[0], axis[1], axis[2],
shade=c, arrow_length_ratio=0.1)
# Plot cameras
plot_camera(R1, t1, 'pink')
plot_camera(R2, t2, 'inexperienced')
ax.set_title('3D Reconstruction: Factors and Cameras')
ax.set_xlabel('X')
ax.set_ylabel('Y')
ax.set_zlabel('Z')
# Attempt to make axes equal
max_range = np.max([
np.max(points_3d[:, 0]) - np.min(points_3d[:, 0]),
np.max(points_3d[:, 1]) - np.min(points_3d[:, 1]),
np.max(points_3d[:, 2]) - np.min(points_3d[:, 2])
])
mid_x = (np.max(points_3d[:, 0]) + np.min(points_3d[:, 0])) * 0.5
mid_y = (np.max(points_3d[:, 1]) + np.min(points_3d[:, 1])) * 0.5
mid_z = (np.max(points_3d[:, 2]) + np.min(points_3d[:, 2])) * 0.5
ax.set_xlim(mid_x - max_range * 0.5, mid_x + max_range * 0.5)
ax.set_ylim(mid_y - max_range * 0.5, mid_y + max_range * 0.5)
ax.set_zlim(mid_z - max_range * 0.5, mid_z + max_range * 0.5)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.present()
The important matrix estimation makes use of matched function factors and the digital camera’s inner parameters to calculate the geometric relationship between pictures.
This relationship is then decomposed to extract rotation and translation info – primarily figuring out the place every photograph was taken from in 3D house. The accuracy of this step straight impacts all the pieces that follows.
# This can be a simplified instance - in apply you'll use pictures and matches
# from the earlier steps
# Instance digital camera intrinsic matrix (exchange along with your calibrated values)
Okay = np.array([
[1000, 0, 320],
[0, 1000, 240],
[0, 0, 1]
])
# For first digital camera, we use id rotation and nil translation
R1 = np.eye(3)
t1 = np.zeros((3, 1))
# Load pictures, extract options, and match as in earlier sections
img1_path = "image1.jpg" # Substitute along with your picture paths
img2_path = "image2.jpg"
img1 = cv2.imread(img1_path)
img2 = cv2.imread(img2_path)
kp1, desc1, _ = extract_features(img1_path, 'sift')
kp2, desc2, _ = extract_features(img2_path, 'sift')
matches = match_features(desc1, desc2, methodology='flann')
# Estimate pose of second digital camera relative to first
R2, t2, masks, inliers = estimate_pose(kp1, kp2, matches, Okay)
# Triangulate factors
points_3d = triangulate_points(kp1, kp2, inliers, Okay, R1, t1, R2, t2)As soon as digital camera positions are established, triangulation tasks rays from matched factors in a number of pictures to find out the place they intersect in 3D house.
# Visualize the consequence
visualize_points_and_cameras(points_3d, R1, t1, R2, t2)These intersections type the preliminary sparse level cloud, offering the skeleton upon which dense reconstruction will later construct. The visualization reveals each the reconstructed factors and the digital camera positions, serving to you perceive the spatial relationships in your dataset.
Bundle Adjustment: Optimizing for Accuracy
There’s an additional optimization stage that is available in inside the Construction from Movement “compute node”.
That is referred to as: Bundle adjustment.
It’s a refinement step that collectively optimizes digital camera parameters and 3D level positions. What meaning, is that it minimizes the reprojection error, i.e. the distinction between noticed picture factors and the projection of their corresponding 3D factors.
Does this make sense to you? Primarily, this optimization is nice because it permits to:
- improves the accuracy of the reconstruction
- right for amassed drift
- Ensures world consistency of the mannequin
At this stage, this ought to be sufficient to get a great instinct of the way it works.
Dense Matching: Creating Detailed Reconstructions
After establishing digital camera positions and sparse factors, the ultimate step is dense matching to create an in depth illustration of the scene.
Dense matching makes use of the recognized digital camera parameters to match many extra factors between pictures, leading to a whole level cloud.
Frequent approaches embody:
- Multi-View Stereo (MVS)
- Patch-based Multi-View Stereo (PMVS)
- Semi-World Matching (SGM)
Placing It All Collectively: Sensible Instruments
The theoretical pipeline is carried out in a number of open-source and business software program packages. Every presents totally different options and capabilities:
| Software | Strengths | Use Case | Pricing |
|---|---|---|---|
| COLMAP | Extremely correct, customizable | Analysis, exact reconstructions | Free, open-source |
| OpenMVG | Modular, in depth documentation | Schooling, integration with customized pipelines | Free, open-source |
| Meshroom | Consumer-friendly, node-based interface | Artists, rookies | Free, open-source |
| RealityCapture | Extraordinarily quick, high-quality outcomes | Skilled, large-scale tasks | Business |
These instruments bundle the assorted pipeline steps described above right into a extra user-friendly interface, however understanding the underlying processes remains to be important for troubleshooting and optimization.
Automating the reconstruction pipeline saves numerous hours of guide work.
The actual productiveness enhance comes from scripting your complete course of end-to-end, from uncooked photographs to dense level cloud.
COLMAP’s command-line interface makes this automation attainable, even for advanced reconstruction duties.
#%% SECTION 4: Full Pipeline Automation with COLMAP
import os
import subprocess
import glob
import numpy as np
def run_colmap_pipeline(image_folder, output_folder, colmap_path="colmap"):
"""
Run the whole COLMAP pipeline from function extraction to dense reconstruction.
"""
# Create output directories if they do not exist
sparse_folder = os.path.be part of(output_folder, "sparse")
dense_folder = os.path.be part of(output_folder, "dense")
database_path = os.path.be part of(output_folder, "database.db")
os.makedirs(output_folder, exist_ok=True)
os.makedirs(sparse_folder, exist_ok=True)
os.makedirs(dense_folder, exist_ok=True)
# Step 1: Characteristic extraction
print("Step 1: Characteristic extraction")
feature_cmd = [
colmap_path, "feature_extractor",
"--database_path", database_path,
"--image_path", image_folder,
"--ImageReader.camera_model", "SIMPLE_RADIAL",
"--ImageReader.single_camera", "1",
"--SiftExtraction.use_gpu", "1"
]
attempt:
subprocess.run(feature_cmd, test=True)
besides subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
print(f"Characteristic extraction failed: {e}")
return False
# Step 2: Match options
print("Step 2: Characteristic matching")
match_cmd = [
colmap_path, "exhaustive_matcher",
"--database_path", database_path,
"--SiftMatching.use_gpu", "1"
]
attempt:
subprocess.run(match_cmd, test=True)
besides subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
print(f"Characteristic matching failed: {e}")
return False
# Step 3: Sparse reconstruction (Construction from Movement)
print("Step 3: Sparse reconstruction")
sfm_cmd = [
colmap_path, "mapper",
"--database_path", database_path,
"--image_path", image_folder,
"--output_path", sparse_folder
]
attempt:
subprocess.run(sfm_cmd, test=True)
besides subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
print(f"Sparse reconstruction failed: {e}")
return False
# Discover the most important sparse mannequin
sparse_models = glob.glob(os.path.be part of(sparse_folder, "*/"))
if not sparse_models:
print("No sparse fashions discovered")
return False
# Type by mannequin measurement (utilizing variety of pictures as proxy)
largest_model = 0
max_images = 0
for i, model_dir in enumerate(sparse_models):
images_txt = os.path.be part of(model_dir, "pictures.txt")
if os.path.exists(images_txt):
with open(images_txt, 'r') as f:
num_images = sum(1 for line in f if line.strip() and never line.startswith("#"))
num_images = num_images // 2 # Every picture has 2 strains
if num_images > max_images:
max_images = num_images
largest_model = i
selected_model = os.path.be part of(sparse_folder, str(largest_model))
print(f"Chosen mannequin {largest_model} with {max_images} pictures")
# Step 4: Picture undistortion
print("Step 4: Picture undistortion")
undistort_cmd = [
colmap_path, "image_undistorter",
"--image_path", image_folder,
"--input_path", selected_model,
"--output_path", dense_folder,
"--output_type", "COLMAP"
]
attempt:
subprocess.run(undistort_cmd, test=True)
besides subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
print(f"Picture undistortion failed: {e}")
return False
# Step 5: Dense reconstruction (Multi-View Stereo)
print("Step 5: Dense reconstruction")
mvs_cmd = [
colmap_path, "patch_match_stereo",
"--workspace_path", dense_folder,
"--workspace_format", "COLMAP",
"--PatchMatchStereo.geom_consistency", "true"
]
attempt:
subprocess.run(mvs_cmd, test=True)
besides subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
print(f"Dense reconstruction failed: {e}")
return False
# Step 6: Stereo fusion
print("Step 6: Stereo fusion")
fusion_cmd = [
colmap_path, "stereo_fusion",
"--workspace_path", dense_folder,
"--workspace_format", "COLMAP",
"--input_type", "geometric",
"--output_path", os.path.join(dense_folder, "fused.ply")
]
attempt:
subprocess.run(fusion_cmd, test=True)
besides subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
print(f"Stereo fusion failed: {e}")
return False
print("Pipeline accomplished efficiently!")
return TrueThe script orchestrates a collection of COLMAP operations that will usually require guide intervention at every stage. It handles the development from function extraction by means of matching, sparse reconstruction, and eventually dense reconstruction – sustaining the right knowledge circulation between steps. This automation turns into invaluable when processing a number of datasets or when iteratively refining reconstruction parameters.
# Substitute along with your picture and output folder paths
image_folder = "path/to/pictures"
output_folder = "path/to/output"
# Path to COLMAP executable (could also be simply "colmap" if it is in your PATH)
colmap_path = "colmap"
run_colmap_pipeline(image_folder, output_folder, colmap_path)One key facet is the automated collection of the most important reconstructed mannequin. In difficult datasets, COLMAP generally creates a number of disconnected reconstructions reasonably than a single cohesive mannequin.
The script intelligently identifies and continues with essentially the most full reconstruction, utilizing picture depend as a proxy for mannequin high quality and completeness.
The Energy of Understanding the Pipeline
Understanding the complete reconstruction pipeline provides you management over your 3D modeling course of. Whenever you encounter points, understanding which stage may be inflicting issues permits you to goal your troubleshooting efforts successfully.
As illustrated, frequent points and their sources embody:
- Lacking or incorrect digital camera poses: Characteristic extraction and matching issues
- Incomplete reconstruction: Inadequate picture overlap
- Noisy level clouds: Poor bundle adjustment or digital camera calibration
- Failed reconstruction: Problematic pictures (movement blur, poor lighting)
The power to diagnose these points comes from a deep understanding of how every pipeline part works and interacts with others.
Subsequent Steps: Observe and Automation
Now that you simply perceive the pipeline, it’s time to place it into apply. Experiment with the supplied code examples and check out automating the method on your personal datasets.
Begin with small, well-controlled scenes and steadily sort out extra advanced environments as you achieve confidence.
Keep in mind that the standard of your enter pictures dramatically impacts the ultimate consequence. Take time to seize high-quality pictures with good overlap, constant lighting, and minimal movement blur.
If you wish to construct correct experience, think about
the 3D Reconstructor OS Course 
,
or 3D Information Science with Python 
(O’Reilly)
References and helpful assets
I compiled for you some fascinating software program, instruments, and helpful algorithm prolonged documentation:
Software program and Instruments
- COLMAP – Free, open-source 3D reconstruction software program
- OpenMVG – Open A number of View Geometry library
- Meshroom – Free node-based photogrammetry software program
- RealityCapture – Business high-performance photogrammetry software program
- Agisoft Metashape – Business photogrammetry and 3D modeling software program
- OpenCV – Pc imaginative and prescient library with function detection implementations
- 3DF Zephyr – Photogrammetry software program for 3D reconstruction
- Python – Programming language excellent for 3D reconstruction automation
Algorithms
In regards to the creator
Florent Poux, Ph.D. is a Scientific and Course Director centered on educating engineers on leveraging AI and 3D Information Science. He leads analysis groups and teaches 3D Pc Imaginative and prescient at numerous universities. His present purpose is to make sure people are accurately outfitted with the information and expertise to sort out 3D challenges for impactful improvements.
Assets
Awards: Jack Dangermond Award- E-book: 3D Information Science with Python
Analysis: 3D Good Level Cloud (Thesis)
Programs: 3D Geodata Academy Catalog
Code: Florent’s Github Repository
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